A recent review published in ‘Brain Medicine’ highlights a significant connection between exposure to air pollutants during critical developmental periods and an increased risk of autism spectrum disorder. Common pollutants, including fine particles and nitrogen oxides, may trigger biological mechanisms affecting brain development. Researchers emphasize heightened vulnerability during prenatal and early childhood stages, as harmful particles can cross the placenta. The study suggests that individuals with a genetic predisposition may be especially at risk from these environmental factors, prompting calls for effective preventive strategies and early biomarker development for identifying at-risk individuals.